Wireless charging offers pervasive power in buildings

This is the claim of researchers at the University of Michigan (U-M) and University of Tokyo whose findings are detailed in Nature Electronics.

Study author Alanson Sample, U-M professor of computer science and engineering, said that in addition to untethering phones and laptops, the technology could also power implanted medical devices and open new possibilities for mobile robotics in homes and manufacturing facilities. The team is also working on implementing the system in spaces that are smaller than room-size, such as a toolbox that charges tools inside it.

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“This really ups the power of the ubiquitous computing world - you could put a computer in anything without ever having to worry about charging or plugging in,” Sample said in a statement. “There are a lot of clinical applications as well; today’s heart implants, for example, require a wire that runs from the pump through the body to an external power supply. This could eliminate that, reducing the risk of infection and improving patients’ quality of life.”

The team, led by researchers at the University of Tokyo, demonstrated the technology in a purpose-built aluminium test room measuring approximately 10 x 10 feet. They wirelessly powered lamps, fans and cell phones that could draw current from anywhere in the room regardless of the placement of people and furniture.

The team said their system is a major improvement over previous attempts at wireless charging systems, which used potentially harmful microwave radiation or required devices to be placed on dedicated charging pads. Instead, it uses a conductive surface on room walls and a conductive pole to generate magnetic fields.

In use, devices harness the magnetic field with wire coils, which can be integrated into electronics like cell phones. The researchers said the system could be scaled up to larger structures like factories or warehouses while meeting safety guidelines for exposure to electromagnetic fields.

“Something like this would be easiest to implement in new construction, but I think retrofits will be possible as well,” said Takuya Sasatani, a researcher at the University of Tokyo and the corresponding author on the study. “Some commercial buildings, for example, already have metal support poles, and it should be possible to spray a conductive surface onto walls, perhaps similar to how textured ceilings are done.”

A key to making the system work, Sample said, was building a resonant structure that could deliver a room-size magnetic field while confining harmful electric fields, which can heat biological tissues.

The team’s solution used so-called lumped capacitors placed in wall cavities. Here, they generate a magnetic field that resonates through the room while trapping electric fields inside the capacitors themselves. This overcomes a limitation of previous wireless power systems, which are limited to either delivering large amounts of power over a few millimetres or very small amounts of power over long distances.

A second hurdle was how to generate a magnetic field that reaches every corner of the room - magnetic fields tend to travel in circular patterns, creating dead spots in a square room. In addition, receivers need to align with the field in a specific way to draw power.

The solution was to design a system that generates two separate, 3D magnetic fields. One travels in a circle around the room’s central pole, while the other swirls in the corners, travelling between adjacent walls. This approach eliminates dead spots, enabling devices to draw power from anywhere in the space.

Tests with anatomical dummies showed that the system could deliver at least 50W of power to any location in the room without exceeding federal guidelines for electromagnetic energy exposure. Sample said it’s likely, however, that it will be possible to deliver higher levels of power with further refinement of the system.

The researchers noted that realisation of the system in commercial or residential settings is likely to be  years away. They’re currently working to test the system in a building on U-M’s campus where they will implement it as a retrofit and new construction in a series of rooms that use standard construction techniques, with a completion date set for this autumn.