As the electronics industry makes use of ever thinner coatings, manufacturers increase their demands on measuring technologies to provide reliable parameters for product monitoring. One example is the Au/Pd/Ni/Cu/printed circuit board system with coating thicknesses for Au and Pd of just a few nm. For monitoring the quality of these coating systems, X-ray fluorescence instruments have established themselves as the measurement method of choice.
UK homes more suitable for heat pumps than expected
Hello Gordoun, you can use a simple empirical formula to estimate COP (my own analysis, unpublished, based on the Building Research Establishment...