As the electronics industry makes use of ever thinner coatings, manufacturers increase their demands on measuring technologies to provide reliable parameters for product monitoring. One example is the Au/Pd/Ni/Cu/printed circuit board system with coating thicknesses for Au and Pd of just a few nm. For monitoring the quality of these coating systems, X-ray fluorescence instruments have established themselves as the measurement method of choice.
Invinity to build 20MWh flow battery in UK
Redux flow cells have had nowhere near the R+D effort compared to Lithium ion. They certainly have the potential (pun not intended) for longer...