Technique enables the creation of thinner thin-film solar cells

‘We were able to create solar cells using a “nanoscale sandwich” design with an ultra-thin “active” layer,’ said Dr Linyou Cao, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at North Carolina State University and co-author of a paper describing the research.

‘For example, we created a solar cell with an active layer of amorphous silicon that is only 70nm thick. This is a significant improvement, because typical thin-film solar cells currently on the market that also use amorphous silicon have active layers between 300 and 500nm thick.’

The ‘active’ layer in thin-film solar cells is the layer of material that actually absorbs solar energy for conversion into electricity or chemical fuel.

‘The technique we’ve developed is very important because it can be generally applied to many other solar-cell materials, such as cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide and organic materials,’ Cao said in a statement.

The new technique is said to rely largely on conventional manufacturing processes, but results in a very different finished product.

The first step is to create a pattern on the substrate using standard lithography techniques. The pattern outlines structures made of transparent, dielectric material measuring between 200nm and 300nm. The researchers then coat the substrate and the nanostructures with an extremely thin layer of active material, such as amorphous silicon. This active layer is then coated with another layer of dielectric material.

Using dielectric nanostructures beneath the active layer creates a thin film with elevated surfaces evenly spaced all along the film.

‘One key aspect of this technique is the design of the “nanoscale sandwich”, with the active materials in the middle of two dielectric layers,’ Cao said. ‘The nanostructures act as very efficient optical antennas, focusing the solar energy into the active material. This focusing means we can use a thinner active layer without sacrificing performance. In the conventional thin-film design, using a thinner active layer would impair the solar cell’s efficiency.’

The paper, Dielectric Core-shell Optical Antennas for Strong Solar Absorption Enhancement, is published online in Nano Letters. The research was supported, in part, by the US Department of Energy.