Researchers use cosmic rays to assess damaged reactor cores

In a paper in Physical Review Letters, researchers compared two methods for using cosmic-ray radiography to gather images of nuclear material within the core of a reactor similar to Fukushima Daiichi Reactor No. 1.

The team reportedly found that Los Alamos’s scattering method for cosmic-ray radiography was better than the traditional transmission method for capturing high-resolution image data of potentially damaged nuclear material.

‘Within weeks of the disastrous 2011 tsunami, Los Alamos’s Muon Radiography Team began investigating the use of Los Alamos’s muon scattering method to determine whether it could be used to image the location of nuclear materials within the damaged reactors,’ said Konstantin Borozdin of Los Alamos’s Subatomic Physics Group and lead author of the paper. ‘As people may recall from previous nuclear reactor accidents, being able to effectively locate damaged portions of a reactor core is a key to effective, efficient clean-up.’

According to LANL, muon radiography (also known as cosmic-ray radiography) uses secondary particles generated when cosmic rays collide with upper regions of Earth’s atmosphere to create images of the objects that the particles — muons — penetrate. The process is said to be analogous to an X-ray image, except muons are produced naturally and do not damage the materials they contact.

Los Alamos researchers found that by placing a pair of muon detectors in front of and behind an object, and measuring the degree of scatter the muons underwent as they interacted with the materials they penetrated, the scientists could gather detailed images.

The method is said to work particularly well with highly interfering materials (so-called ‘high Z’ materials) such as uranium.

Because the muon scattering angle increases with atomic number, core materials within a reactor show up more clearly than the surrounding containment building, plumbing and other objects.

Consequently, the muon scattering method shows promise for pinpointing the exact location of materials within the Fukushima reactor buildings, which were heavily damaged in March 2011 by a tsunami that followed a great earthquake.

Using a computer model, the research team simulated a nuclear reactor with percentages of its core removed and placed elsewhere within the reactor building.

They then compared the Los Alamos scattering method with the traditional transmission method.

The simulation showed that passive observation of the simulated core over six weeks using the scattering method provided high-resolution images that clearly showed that material was missing from the main core, as well as the location of the missing material elsewhere in the containment building.

In comparison, the transmission method was barely able to provide a blurry image of the core itself during the same six-week period.

‘We now have a concept by which the Japanese can gather crucial data about what is going on inside their damaged reactor cores with minimal human exposure to the high radiation fields that exist in proximity to the reactor buildings,’ Borozdin said.