Researchers have used a new, non-destructive mapping technique to determine how a growing crack interacts with the internal 3D crystal structure of stainless steel.
The development could lead to a better understanding of how materials behave under stress in corrosive environments.
Stress or strain, combined with a corrosive environment, can cause cracks in stainless steel components, leading to critical failure. In power stations, the boundaries of certain grains inside a material can become sensitive after intensive heat treatments. Similar occurrences can happen in nuclear power stations during fast neutron irradiation.
'It's already been known that some grain structures are special and resist cracking, but this technique gives us a 3D picture and it provides access to more information than previously available,' said Andrew King, Manchester University's lead developer.
The university and the National Institute of Applied Sciences in Lyon jointly sponsored the research at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble.
For the experiment, researchers took a section of stainless steel wire 0.4mm in diameter and replicated conditions found in a power station. They first obtained a 3D map of the grains in the wire using the new diffraction contrast tomography technique developed at ESRF. A radiation beam was aimed at the metal's crystals at various angles, creating a map containing the shapes, positions, and orientations of 362 different grains.
The next stage of the experiment involved putting the wire into a corrosive liquid and applying a load to cause microcracks to grow between grains. During the crack growth, 3D tomographic scans were taken at varying intervals to follow the progress of the crack.
'The cracks grew along the boundaries between the grains which we had mapped in 3D, and we could visualise both the growing crack and certain special boundaries that resist cracking,' said King. 'Some of these resistant boundaries were not the ones that we expected.'
King said now that his group has proved that diffraction contrast tomography works, the next stage will be to make the technology more 'user friendly' so anyone can apply to use the technique at the synchrotron.
'It is quite a complex set of calculations to actually go from the images you take in an experiment to a grain map,' he said. 'There is a lot of data analysis and data processing. It's that intermediate step that needs to be made simplified and more user-friendly.'
Siobhan Wagner
Video and imagery showing elements of the research can be accessed below:
Surface of the wire - some of the cracks on the surface are already visible, although still small at this point:
http://www.esrf.fr/files/press/cracks/surface_flyaround_small.mov
Cutting away the sample to show the the crack inside the wire:
http://www.esrf.fr/files/press/cracks/surface_clip.mov
Fading in the grain map, to show the grain structure of the sample:
http://www.esrf.fr/files/press/cracks/fade_in_grains.mov
The sample, now transparent, with the crack shown in red. Then the grain map appears, and it can be seen that the crack follows the boundaries between the grains : http://www.esrf.fr/files/press/cracks/grains_and_crack.mov
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