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Kestrel flight stability could inform design of drones

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The steady flight of kestrels could inform future drone designs and flight control strategies, a joint study by Australia’s RMIT and Bristol University has found.

‘Wind hovering’ allows kestrels ‘hang’ in place under the right wind conditions without flapping
‘Wind hovering’ allows kestrels ‘hang’ in place under the right wind conditions without flapping - AdobeStock

The study conducted in RMIT’s Industrial Wind Tunnel facility is the first to precisely measure the stability of a Nankeen Kestrel’s head during hovering flight, finding movement of less than 5mm when exhibiting hunting behaviour. The team’s findings are detailed in the Journal of Experimental Biology.

“Typically, aircraft use flap movements for stabilisation to achieve stability during flight,” RMIT lead researcher Dr Abdulghani Mohamed said in a statement. “Our results acquired over several years, show birds of prey rely more on changes in surface area, which is crucial as it may be a more efficient way of achieving stable flight in fixed wing aircraft too."Kestrels and other birds of prey can keep their heads and bodies extremely still during hunting. This wind hovering allows the birds to ‘hang’ in place under the right wind conditions without flapping. They achieve steadiness by making small adjustments to the shape of their wings and tail.

Using camera and motion capture technology, the research team observed two Nankeen Kestrels, trained by Leigh Valley Hawk and Owl Sanctuary, at high resolution. Fitted with reflective markers, the birds’ precise movements and flight control techniques during non-flapping flight were tracked in detail.

“Previous studies involved birds casually flying through turbulence and gusts within wind tunnels; in our study we tracked a unique wind hovering flight behaviour whereby the birds are actively maintaining extreme steadiness, enabling us to study the pure control response without flapping,” said Dr Mohamed.

By mapping these movements, the researchers gained insights that could be utilised to achieve steadier flight for fixed wing aircrafts.

“The wind hovering behaviour we observed in kestrels is the closest representation in the avian world to fixed wing aircraft,” said Dr Mohamed. “Our findings surrounding the changes in wing surface area could be applied to the design of morphing wings in drones, enhancing their stability and making them safer in adverse weather.”

Associate Professor of Bio-Inspired Aerodynamics at Bristol University and joint author, Dr Shane Windsor, said the usefulness of current fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) was significantly decreased by their inability to operate in operate in gusty wind conditions.

“UAV’s are being used in the UK to deliver post to remote islands, but their operation time is limited because of regular gusty conditions. Current commercial fixed wing aircraft have to be designed with one fixed geometry and optimised to operate at one flight condition.”

Dr Windsor continued: “The advantage of morphing wings is that they could be continually optimised throughout a flight for a variety of conditions, making the aircraft much more manoeuvrable and efficient.”

The team now aims to further their research by examining the birds under gusty and turbulent conditions, which would see further learnings in stable flight with the goal of allowing UAVs to operate more safely and more often.

Looking ahead, the team hopes to simplify the data collected so that it can be adapted for larger scale aircraft.

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