Graphene forms template for two-dimensional hybrid materials

The study, carried out by researchers at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the University of Tennessee and published in Science, could enable the use of new types of 2D hybrid materials in technological applications and fundamental research.

The researchers combined two compounds - graphene and boron nitride - into a single layer only one atom thick. Graphene, which consists of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal, honeycomb-like rings, has attracted waves of attention because of its high strength and electronic properties.

‘People call graphene a wonder material that could revolutionize the landscape of nanotechnology and electronics,’ ORNL’s An-Ping Li said in a statement. ‘Indeed, graphene has a lot of potential, but it has limits. To make use of graphene in applications or devices, we need to integrate graphene with other materials.’

One method to combine differing materials into heterostructures is epitaxy, in which one material is grown on top of another such that both have the same crystalline structure. To grow the 2D materials, the ORNL-UT research team directed the growth process horizontally instead of vertically.

The researchers first grew graphene on a copper foil, etched the graphene to create clean edges, and then grew boron nitride through chemical vapour deposition. Instead of conforming to the structure of the copper base layer as in conventional epitaxy, the boron nitride atoms took on the crystallography of the graphene.

‘The graphene piece acted as a seed for the epitaxial growth in two-dimensional space, so that the crystallography of the boron nitride is solely determined by the graphene,’ UT’s Gong Gu said. 

The team’s technique combined the two materials and produced an atomically sharp boundary - a one-dimensional interface - between the two materials. The ability to carefully control this interface, or heterojunction, is important from an applied and fundamental perspective, said Gu.

‘If we want to harness graphene in an application, we have to make use of the interface properties,’ Li said. ‘By creating this clean, coherent, 1D interface, our technique provides us with the opportunity to fabricate graphene-based devices for real applications.’

The new technique also allows researchers to experimentally investigate graphene-boron nitride boundaries for the first time.

‘There is a vast body of theoretical literature predicting wonderful physical properties of this peculiar boundary, in absence of any experimental validation so far,’ said Li. ‘Now we have a platform to explore these properties.’

The research team anticipates that its method can be applied to other combinations of 2D materials, assuming that the different crystalline structures are similar enough to match one another.

The study, titled ‘Heteroepitaxial Growth of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Templated by Graphene Edges,’ is available here.