In addition to allowing for more natural studies of brain activity in moving subjects, this implantable device is claimed to represent a potential major step toward cord-free control of advanced prosthetics that move with the power of thought. The report is in the April 2013 issue of the Journal of Neural Engineering.
‘For people who have sustained paralysis or limb amputation, rehabilitation can be slow and frustrating because they have to learn a new way of doing things that the rest of us do without actively thinking about it,’ said Grace Peng, Ph.D., who oversees the Rehabilitation Engineering Program of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), part of NIH. ‘Brain-computer interfaces harness existing brain circuitry, which may offer a more intuitive rehab experience, and ultimately, a better quality of life for people who have already faced serious challenges.’
Recent advances in brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have shown that it is possible for a person to control a robotic arm through implanted brain sensors linked to external computers. However, such devices have relied on wired connections, which pose infection risks and restrict movement, or were wireless but had very limited computing power.
Building on this line of research, David Borton, Ph.D., and Ming Yin, Ph.D., of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, and colleagues surmounted several major barriers in developing their sensor.
To be fully implantable within the brain, the device needed to be very small and completely sealed off to protect the machinery inside the device and the even more delicate tissue surrounding it.
At the same time, it had to be powerful enough to convert the brain’s subtle electrical activity into digital signals that could be used by a computer, and then boost those signals to a level that could be detected by a wireless receiver located some distance outside the body.
Like all cordless machines, the device had to be rechargeable, but in the case of an implanted brain sensor, recharging must also be done wirelessly.
The researchers consulted with brain surgeons on the shape and size of the sensor, which they built out of titanium. They also fitted the device with a window made of sapphire, which electromagnetic signals pass through more easily than other materials, to assist with wireless transmission and inductive charging.
Inside, the device was densely packed with the electronics specifically designed to function on low power to reduce the amount of heat generated by the device and to extend the time it could work on battery power.
Testing the device in animal models — two pigs and two rhesus macaques — the researchers were able to receive and record data from the implanted sensors in real time over a broadband wireless connection.
The sensors could transmit signals more than three feet and have continued to perform for over a year with little degradation in quality or performance.
英國鐵路公司如何推動凈零排放
It would be better if the trains had good coverage of the country. Large areas have no easy connection and so cars (or buses?) and lorries are still...