Asphalt anodes help create better lithium metal batteries

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The addition of asphalt to anodes could lead to high-capacity lithium metal batteries that charge 10 to 20 times faster than commercial lithium-ion batteries, claim Rice University scientists.

asphalt
Anode of asphalt, graphene nanoribbons and lithium (left) and the same material without lithium (right)

The Rice lab of chemist James Tour developed anodes comprising porous carbon made from asphalt that reportedly showed favourable stability after more than 500 charge-discharge cycles.

A high-current density of 20 milliamps per square centimetre demonstrated the material’s promise for use in rapid charge and discharge devices that require high-power density. The finding is reported in the American Chemical Society journal ACS Nano.

“The capacity of these batteries is enormous, but what is equally remarkable is that we can bring them from zero charge to full charge in five minutes, rather than the typical two hours or more needed with other batteries,” Tour said in a statement.

The Tour lab previously used a derivative of asphalt — untreated gilsonite, the same type used for the battery — to capture greenhouse gases from natural gas. For this project, the researchers mixed asphalt with conductive graphene nanoribbons and coated the composite with lithium metal through electrochemical deposition.

The lab combined the anode with a sulphurised-carbon cathode to make full batteries for testing. The batteries are said to have shown a high-power density of 1,322 watts per kilogram and high-energy density of 943 watt-hours per kilogram.

Testing revealed that the carbon mitigated the formation of lithium dendrites, which are deposits that invade a battery’s electrolyte. If they extend far enough, they short-circuit the anode and cathode and can cause the battery to fail, catch fire or explode. Asphalt-derived carbon prevents any dendrite formation.

An earlier project by the lab found that an anode of graphene and carbon nanotubes also prevented the formation of dendrites. Tour said the new composite is simpler.

“While the capacity between the former and this new battery is similar, approaching the theoretical limit of lithium metal, the new asphalt-derived carbon can take up more lithium metal per unit area, and it is much simpler and cheaper to make,” he said. “There is no chemical vapour deposition step, no e-beam deposition step and no need to grow nanotubes from graphene, so manufacturing is greatly simplified.”