Butterfly landmines mapped by drones and machine learning

The team had previously developed a method that allowed for the accurate detection of butterfly landmines using low-cost commercial drones equipped with infrared cameras.

EPSRC-funded project takes dual approach to clearing landmines

Their new research focuses on automated detection of landmines using convolutional neural networks (CNN), which they say is the standard machine learning method for object detection and classification in the field of remote sensing. This method is a game-changer in the field, said Alek Nikulin, assistant professor of energy geophysics at Binghamton University.

"All our previous efforts relied on human-eye scanning of the dataset," Nikulin said in a statement. "Rapid drone-assisted mapping and automated detection of scatterable mine fields would assist in addressing the deadly legacy of widespread use of small scatterable landmines in recent armed conflicts and allow to develop a functional framework to effectively address their possible future use."

There are at least 100 million military munitions and explosives of concern devices in the world, of various size, shape and composition. Furthermore, an estimated twenty landmines are placed for every landmine removed in conflict regions

Millions of these are surface plastic landmines with low-pressure triggers, such as the mass-produced Soviet PFM-1 butterfly landmine. Nicknamed for their small size and butterfly-like shape, these mines are extremely difficult to locate and clear due to their small size, low trigger mass and a design that mostly excluded metal components, making them virtually invisible to metal detectors.

The design of the mine combined with a low triggering weight have earned it notoriety as "the toy mine," due to a high casualty rate among small children who find these devices while playing and who are the primary victims of the PFM-1 in post-conflict nations, like Afghanistan.

The researchers believe that these detection and mapping techniques are generalisable and transferable to other munitions and explosives. They could be adapted to detect and map disturbed soil for improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

"The use of Convolutional Neural Network-based approaches to automate the detection and mapping of landmines is important for several reasons," the researchers said in a paper published in Remote Sensing. "One, it is much faster than manually counting landmines from an orthoimage (i.e. an aerial image that has been geometrically corrected). Two, it is quantitative and reproducible, unlike subjective human error-prone ocular detection. And three, CNN-based methods are easily generalisable to detect and map any objects with distinct sizes and shapes from any remotely sensed raster images."